flagyl tablet uses

فلیگائل گولی کا استعمال

Written by Dr Maheen Zaiba [PharmD, DOW University Of Health Sciences (DUHS)], Karachi, Pakistan)

Brand name:

Flagyl

Generic name:

Metronidazole

Available dosage forms and their doses:

Capsule

· 375mg

Tablet

· 250mg

· 500mg

Tablet, extended-release

· 750mg

Oral suspension

· 500mg/5ml

Infusion solution

· 500mg/100ml

Price:

4.61 Rs per tablet

Therapeutic class:

Metronidazole is a nitroimidazole used to treat trichomoniasis, amebiasis, inflammatory lesions of rosacea, and bacterial infections, as well as prevent postoperative infections. (

Antimicrobial & antiprotazoal)

Pharmacological class:

Nitroimidazole class of antibiotics.

Manufacturer:

Sanofi Aventis

Storage:

• Oral tablets. Metronidazole oral tablets should be stored at room temperature, between 68 f to 77 f(20 c to 25 c). Store in a cool, dry place. Protect from light.

• Oral capsules. Metronidazole oral capsules should be stored at room temperature, between 59 f to 77 f (15 c to 25 c). 

• Oral liquid. Metronidazole oral liquid should be stored at room temperature, between 68 f to 77 f(20 c to 25 c). Store in a cool, dry place. Do not freeze it. Throw away any medicine left in the bottle ten days after opening it.

Prescription drug:

Yes

Mechanism of action:

Metronidazole diffuses into the organism, inhibits protein synthesis by interacting with dna,

And causes a loss of helical dna structure and strand breakage. Therefore, it causes cell death in susceptible organisms. The mechanism of action of metronidazole occurs through a four-step process.

Indications & dosages:

Anaerobic bacterial infections

Loading dose: 15 mg/kg iv; not to exceed 4 g/day  

Maintenance dose: 7.5 mg/kg po/iv (over 1 h) q6hr x 7-10 days (or 2-3 weeks if severe)

Oral suspension

· 7.5 mg/kg po q8hr for 7-10 days; not exceed a 4 g/24 hr

· infections of the bone and joint, lower respiratory tract, and endocardium may require longer treatment

Sexually transmitted disease

• Prevention following sexual assault

• 2 g po as a single dose; 3-drug regimen that also includes ceftriaxone or cefixime, plus

Azithromycin or doxycycline (cdc std guidelines, 2010)

Bacterial vaginosis

Nonpregnant women

· 500 mg po bid x 7 days, or

· 2 g po qday single dose, or

· extended-release: 750 mg po qday x 7 days

Pregnant women

· 500 mg po bid x 7 days, or

· 250 mg po tid x 7 days

Colorectal surgical infection

Prophylaxis; start after mechanical bowel preparation the afternoon and evening before surgery 1 g po q6-8hr for 3 doses 15 mg/kg iv over 30-60 min; complete approximately 1 hr before surgery; may administer 7.5 Mg/kg iv over 30-60 min at 6 and 12 hr after initial dose for maintenance; discontinue within 12 Hr after surgery

Trichomoniasis

250 mg po q8hr for 7 days 2 g po qday single dose; alternatively, 1g po q12hr for 2 doses

Individualize dosage regimen

· single-dose treatment may help improve compliance, especially if administered under

Supervision, in those patients who may be nonadherent to a seven-day regimen

· seven-day treatment may minimize reinfection by protecting patient long enough for

Sexual contacts to obtain appropriate treatment; some data suggest cure rates may be higher

After a seven-day course of treatment than after a one-day treatment regimen;

· if a repeat course of therapy is required, a 4- to 6-weeks need to elapse between courses

And reconfirmed presence of the trichomonad; monitor total and differential leukocyte

Counts before and after re-treatment

Amebiasis

Acute intestinal amebiasis (acute amebic dysentery): 750 mg po tid 5-10 days

Amebic liver abscess:

500-750 mg po tid for 5-10 days

Giardiasis (non-fda use)

500 mg po q12hr for 5-7 days

Gardnerella infection

 Immediate release: 500 mg po q12hr

Extended-release: 750 mg po qday for 7 days; take on empty stomach

Helicobacter pylori infection (off-label)

250-500 mg po qid in combination with tetracycline (500 mg) and bismuth subsalicylate (525

Mg) x 14 days

Nongonococcal urethritis (off-label)

2 g po qday single dose with erythromycin (500 mg qid) or erythromycin ethylsuccinate (800

Mg qid) x 7 days

Pelvic inflammatory disease (off-label)

500 mg po q12hr for 14 days in conjunction with ofloxacin or levofloxacin

Dosage modifications

Renal impairment

· mild-to-moderate: Dose adjustment not considered necessary as elimination half-life not

Significantly altered

· severe or end-stage renal disease: Metronidazole and metronidazole metabolites may

Accumulate significantly because of reduced urinary excretion; monitor patients not

Undergoing hemodialysis

· hemodialysis removes significant amounts of metronidazole and its metabolites from

Systemic circulation; supplementation may be necessary

· peritoneal dialysis: Monitor for signs of toxicity due to potential accumulation of

Metronidazole metabolites

Hepatic impairment

· mild-to- moderate (child-pugh a or b): No dosage adjustment necessary; monitor

· severe (child-pugh c): Reduce dose of by 50%

Dosing considerations

Hepatic failure

· mild to moderate hapatic impairment (child-pugh a or b): No dosage adjustment needed

But patients should be monitored for metronidazole associated adverse events

· severe hepatic impairment: Reduce dose of by 50%

Renal failure

· mild to moderate renal impairment: Dose adjustment not considered necessary as

Elimination half-life not significantly altered

· severe renal impairment or end stage of renal disease: Metronidazole and metronidazole

Metabolites may accumulate significantly because of reduced urinary excretion; monitor in

Severe renal impairment or end stage of renal disease, not undergoing hemodialysis

· hemodialysis removes significant amounts of metronidazole and its metabolites from

Systemic circulation; supplementation may be necessary

· peritoneal dialysis: Monitor for signs of toxicity due to potential accumulation of

Metronidazole metabolites

Crohn disease (orphan)

Topical treatment of active perianal crohn disease

Side effects:

· allergic reactions—skin rash, itching, hives, swelling of the face, lips, tongue, or

Throat

· dizziness, loss of balance or coordination, confusion or trouble speaking

· fever, neck pain or stiffness, sensitivity to light, headache, nausea, vomiting,

Confusion

· heart rhythm changes—fast or irregular heartbeat, dizziness, feeling faint or

Lightheaded, chest pain, trouble breathing

· liver injury—right upper belly pain, loss of appetite, nausea, light-colored stool,

Dark yellow or brown urine, yellowing skin or eyes, unusual weakness or fatigue

· pain, tingling, or numbness in the hands or feet

· redness, blistering, peeling, or loosening of the skin, including inside the mouth

· seizures

· severe diarrhea, fever

· sudden eye pain or change in vision such as blurry vision, seeing halos around

Lights, vision loss

· unusual vaginal discharge, itching, or odor

Common side effects:

· diarrhea

· metallic taste in mouth

· nausea

· stomach pain

Interactions:

· disulfiram: Avoid taking this medication if you have been on therapy with disulfiram

Within the last 14 days. Concomitant administration can lead to serious side effects that

Require medical attention.

· alfuzosin.

· amiodarone.

· amisulpride.

· bupropion.

· chlorpromazine.

· ciprofloxacin.

· clarithromycin.

 · clomipramine.

· desipramine.

· donepezil.

· erythromycin.

· felbamate.

· fluconazole.

· fluorouracil.

· fluoxetin.

· fosphenytoin.

· gemifloxacin.

· haloperidol.

· levofloxacin.

· moxifloxacin.

· olanzapine.

· probucol.

· quetiapine.

· quinidine.

· sotalol.

· warfarin.

These are some of the significant interacting drugs with metronidazole. Contact the physician or Pharmacist to check for interactions before taking the drug with other drugs.

With alcohol: The combination of metronidazole with alcohol may cause nausea, vomiting,

Rapid heartbeat, and facial flushing. While using metronidazole and for at least three days

Following the last dose, avoid alcohol completely.

With diseases:

· liver diseases: Dose adjustment may be required.

· kidney diseases: Delayed elimination of drug reported. It may require dose adjustment.

· low blood counts: Taking this medication may worsen these signs

· cockayne syndrome: A rare genetic disorder.

Pregnancy & lactation:

Flagyl (metronidazole) is generally not recommended during the first trimester of pregnancy due To potential risks, but it can be used later in pregnancy if the benefits outweigh the risks. It's also not recommended during breastfeeding because it can pass into breast milk and may affect the baby.

Fda pregnancy category b - no proven risk in humans.

Precautions:

· dermatologic: Topical cream use may cause skin irritation.

· metabolic: Caution is advised if on current therapy with corticosteroid drugs, those on a

Controlled sodium diet, or those predisposed to edema (swelling of face, limbs, etc.).

· liver problems: Dose needs to be adjusted.

· kidney diseases: Kidney diseases can slow down the excretion of the medication. So,

Dose adjustments may be required.

· low blood cell counts: Metronidazole may cause low blood counts. Hence, inform the

Doctor if the blood counts are low.

· pregnancy: Pregnant women with trichomoniasis vaginalis, regardless of

The pregnancy stage, should be tested and assessed by their physician before starting the

Medication.

Do not use mteronidazole in the following conditions:

A known allergy to the medication or any of its components.

Concomitant administration with alcohol or products containing propylene glycol.

Administration of drug disulfiram with or within two weeks.

Cockayne syndrome (a genetic condition characterized by small head size, stature, and slow

Development).

First trimester (1 to12 week) of pregnancy.

Warnings

Black box warnings

Potenial for carcinogenicity

· metronidazole has been shown to be carcinogenic in mice and rats

· avoid unnecessary use

· reserve for use in trichomoniasis and anaerobic bacterial infection.

Counselling points:

· tablets: Swallow the medication as a whole after food.

· liquid: Measure the right dose using a syringe or measure and take each dose, preferably

After food.

· suppository: Follow the instructions given on the package.

· gel and cream: Apply on the affected area and rub gently, as directed by the doctor.

Missed dose:

Take this medication as soon as you remember if a dose is missed. If the next dose is near, skip the missed one and take the regular dosing regimen. Do not take two or double doses together.

Overdose:

In case of overdosing on the medication, contact the emergency department or the nearest poison control center immediately.

famopsin tablet uses

فیموپسن گولی کس طرح استعمال کریں

Written by Dr Naima Zafar, [PharmD, DOW University Of Health Sciences (DUHS)], Karachi, Pakistan)

Brand name:

Famopsin 20, Famopsin 40

Generic name:

Famotidine

Available dosage forms and their doses:

Tablet

Pack size and Price:

1 strip has 10 tabs.

Famospin 20: 235.60 Rs. (1 box = 2 strips)

Famospin 40 : 235.60 Rs. (1 box = 1 strip)

Therapeutic class

Ant-acid

Pharmacological class

Histamine H2-receptor antagonists or H2-blockers

Manufacturer

HIGH-Q

Storage

• Store at room temperature.

• Protect from light and moisture.

• Please keep it away from children.

  
  

Prescription drug:

Available with or without a doctor's prescription

Clinical pharmacology (mechanism of action)

"Competitive inhibition of histamine at H2 receptors on gastric parietal cells leads to suppression of gastric acid secretion."

Indications and doses

Treatment of benign gastric and duodenal ulceration

Adult: 40 mg once daily for 4-8 weeks, dose to be taken at night.

Maintenance treatment of duodenal ulceration

Adult: 20 mg once daily, dose to be taken at night.

Reflux oesophagitis

Adult: 20-40 mg twice daily for 6-12 weeks; maintenance: 20 mg twice daily.

Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome

Adult oral: Initial dose 20 mg orally every 6 hours

Maximum dose: 160 mg orally every 6 hours

Side effects

Common:

• Constipation

• diarrhea

• dizziness

• fatigue

• headache

• myalgia

• skin reactions

Uncommon:

• Decreased appetite

• dry mouth

• pruritus

• altered taste

• vomiting

Rare:

• Anxiety

• chest tightness

• insomnia

• decreased libido

• neutropenia

• seizures

• severe cutaneous reactions (SCARs)

Interactions

• Ketoconazole

• itraconazole

• atazanavir

• warfarin

• sparsentan

• dasatinib

• pazopanib

  
  

Contraindications

Hypersensitivity to famotidine or other H2 antagonists

Pregnancy

Should be avoided unless the potential benefit outweighs the risk

Lactation

Present in milk. It is advised to avoid

Elder Patients:

In elder patients, slower kidney function can make drugs stay in the body longer, raising the risk of side effects. Doctors may lower the dose or adjust the schedule to prevent this.

Renal Impairment

Seizures occur in rare cases.

Dose adjustment in renal impairment: Use normal dose every 36-48 hours or use half normal dose if eGFR is less than 50 mL/min/1.73 m²

Precautions

In case of gastric cancer, H2 receptor antagonists might mask symptoms in adults

Counselling points:

• It’s usually taken once or twice daily, 15–60 minutes before meals or drinks that could cause heartburn

• If taking once daily, it's best to take it before dinner or bedtime, as night time reflux is common in up to 79% of people with GERD

  
  

• If you miss a dose, take it when you remember unless it's almost time for the next one. In that case, skip the missed dose. Don’t double up.

annuva tablet uses

Written by Dr Taha Murtaza [PharmD, DOW University Of Health Sciences (DUHS)], Karachi, Pakistan)

Generic:

Diclofenac free acid

Composition:

Active pharmaceutical ingredient:

Each dispersible tablet contains 46.50mg diclofenac diclofenac-free acid (Novartis specs) equivalent to 50mg of diclofenac sodium.

Excipients:

• Cellulose

• Micro-crystalline

• Sodium starch glycolate

• colloidal anhydrous

• castor oil

• hydrogenated talc

Pack size:

Each box contains 20 dispersible tablets

Manufacturer:

Novartis Pharma (Pakistan) Ltd.

Therapeutic class:

NSAIDs

Pharmacological class:

Prostaglandin biosynthesis inhibitor

Indications:

• Pain and inflammation after surgery e.g. dental or orthopedic.

• Painful inflammation after trauma

• Flareups of joints and bones pain and inflammation

• Acute pain due to gout

• non-articular pain

• Pain in vertebral column disorders

• Dysmenorrhoea or adnexitis

• Painful inflammatory infections of ENT.

Dosage and recommendation:

• 2-3 tablets, 2-3 times daily

• For dysmenorrhoea, 1-2 tablets 2-3 times per day.

• Maximum dose: 4 tabs per day 2-3 times

Special population:

Renal impairment:

Contra-indicated

Hepatic impairment:

Contra-indicated

Children:

• <14 years; not recommended

• 14 or > 14 years; 2 tablets in divided doses should not exceed 150 mg

Elderly patients:

• 65 or >65 years; no adjustment is needed

• caution is needed for weak elderly patients or patients with low body weight.

Cardiovascular disease:

• Generally not recommended

• A dose of less than equal to 100mg can be taken if treatment is needed for more than 4 weeks.

Method of administration:

• Taken before meal

• Drop a tablet in a glass of water, stir well, and then drink it. If the remaining amount of the drug is left in the glass, it should be rinsed again with a small amount of water and drank again.

Contra-indications:

• hypersensitivity to the drug or any of its constituents.

• Gastric or intestinal ulcer

• Last trimester of pregnancy

• Hepatic impairment

• Renal failure (GFR<15ml/min/1.73m2)

• Severe cardiac failure

• NSAIDs

Side-effects (Common)

• headache

• dizziness

• vertigo

• nausea/vomiting

• diarrhoea

• dyspepsia

• abdominal pain

• flatulence

• decreased appetite

• Transaminases decreased

• Rash

Interactions:

Diclofenac sodium shows interactions with the following drugs:

• CYP2C9 inhibitors

• lithium

• digoxin

• diuretics and anti-hypertensives

• ciclosporin and tacrolimus

• drugs known to cause hyperkalemia

• Quinolone antibacterials

• Other NSAIDs and corticosteroids

• anti-coagulants and anti-platelet agents

• SSRIs

• Anti-diabetics

• phenytoin

• methotrexate

• CYP2C9 inducers

Pregnancy:

Not recommended

Lactation:

Not recommended

Fertile women:

Not recommended for women who are going to conceive

Clinical pharmacology:

"Diclofenac sodium inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis."

Warnings and precautions:

• Risk of serious cardiovascular and G.I. events

  
  

• G.I. bleeding, ulceration, and perforation

Storage:

• Store below 25 degrees Celsius

• Protect from light and moisture

• All drugs should be kept out of reach of children.